The density of glass differs with each type & ranges from 2000 to 8000 kg/m3 for comparison, from less dense than aluminum to more dense than iron at standard conditions. Flint glass contains lead, which is a very dense element. So Flint glass can be so much denser than crown glass
The density of glass is rho = 2,500 kg/m³ or rho = 2,5 g/cm3
A fungus is referred as a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms which includes microorganisms such as yeasts & molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are categorized as a kingdom, Fungi that are separate from plants, animals and bacteria.
Fungi comprise evolved to use a lot of different items for food. Some are decomposers living on dead organic material best example leaves. Some fungi spread diseases by using living organisms for food. These fungi infect animals, plants & even other fungi. Athlete’s foot & ringworm are 2 fungal diseases in humans. The mycorrhizal fungi live as partners with plants. Fungi provide mineral nutrients to the plant in exchange for carbohydrates or other chemicals fungi cannot manufacture. Fungi do not have chlorophyll & they are apostrophic in nature.
M + e - - - -> M – E.A.
Basically, the energy which results from this process is negative or close to zero. The more negative this energy the more this method is preferential
The electron affinity is determined of the energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion. Best example, whenever a neutral chlorine atom in the gaseous form plucks an electron to form a Cl- ion, it releases energy of 349 kJ/mol or 3.6 eV/atom. To have an electron affinity of -349 kJ/mol & this large number indicates that it forms a stable negative ion. Small numbers indicate which is a less stable negative ion is formed. Group VIA & VIIA in the periodic table have the largest electron affinities.
In our next blog we shall learn about sp hybridization I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Alimentary canal is also known as digestive tract, pathway by which food enters the body & solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, & anus. Alimentary canal is a membrane-lined tube through which food passes & from which wastes are eliminated from the body.
The alimentary canal is referred as a hollow tube of varying diameter, consisting of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine. Alimentary canal has the same basic structural organization throughout its length, in which it always consists of the following 4 layers: (1) the submucosa, (2) the mucosa, (3) the muscularis externa & (4) the adventitia or serosa. Although these 4 layers are always present, they can be strikingly different in appearance in different parts of the alimentary canal. The mucosa, in particular, shows great variability
In our next blog we shall learn about polythene I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
The structure of the benzene molecule ascertained to be a challenge for chemists for more than forty years after the compound's discovery by Faraday. Benzene structure formula suggests the existence of multiple double &/or triple carbon-carbon bonds, hence there are too few hydrogen atoms for 6 single-bonded carbon atoms.
Benzene is used as a solvent in many industrial, commercial, & research operations. Benzene structure has long been of interest as a fuel due to its high octane number. Some manufacturers have used it as a gasoline additive to increase engine efficiency & to improve starting qualities.
In our next blog we shall learn about formation adulte I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Isomers are referred as compounds with the similar molecular formulae but that are structurally different in some way. It is very important to be able to recognize isomers because they can have different physical properties, chemical, & biological properties.
Conformational isomers are referred as stereoisomer which can be converted into 1 another by rotation around a single bond.
Nonmetals have high ionization electronegativities & energies. Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat & electricity. Solid nonmetals are basically brittle, with little or no metallic luster. Most nonmetals have the capacity to gain electrons easily. Nonmetals display a wide range of chemical properties & reactivity.
Nonmetals have Poor thermal conductors
Nonmetals have Poor electrical conductors
Nonmetals are good oxidizing agents.
Nonmetals Have higher electronegativities
Non-metals do not conduct heat or electricity very easily. Non-metals are typically brittle & are not easily molded into shapes. The Best Example of non-metal elements are Hydrogen & Carbon.
In our next blog we shall learn about physical properties of oxygen I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Oxygen can exist in a number of physical forms, Oxygen exists in all three forms- solid, liquid & gases, Liquid oxygen is potentially hazardous about flames & sparks as it will greatly accelerate combustion., Oxygen has a cubic crystal structure., Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, & tasteless., Oxygen ‘s boiling Point :- 183oC, Oxygen’s melting Point :- 218.4oC, Oxygen the essential element in the respiratory processes of most of the living cells & in combustion processes., Oxygen supports combustion, combines with most elements, & Oxygen is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds., Oxygen can be separated from air by fractionated liquefaction & distillation., Oxygen is a very reactive oxidizing agent., Liquid oxygen is also slightly paramagnetic., Molecular oxygen is a stable druidical., Oxygen has 2 electrons in an unpaired triplet state. Oxygen is the only gas naturally occurring chemical with this property.
Renewable sources are also known as non conventional energy. Non-conventional or unusual sources of energy include:
Solar power, Hydro-electric power dams in rivers
Wind power, Tidal power
Ocean wave power, geothermal power heat from deep under the ground
Ocean thermal energy the difference in heat between shallow & deep water
Biomass burning of vegetation to stop it producing methane
Biofuel producing ethanol petroleum from plants
A food chain models the movement of energy in an ecosystem.
A food chain refers to the feeding relationship between different living things in a particular environment or habitat.
larger organism from which food is derived is known as the host. Smaller organism which obtains food is known as the parasite.
My student asked me why a candle blows out if fire needs oxygen to burn, & if you are blowing on it, you are giving it more oxygen. I have a vague idea but then it really bugged me I didn't know the exact answer. After many a discussion with other adults, it came down to taking away 1 of the elements needed for the flame, too much energy in the wind & blowing the flame off the wick, thus the candle goes out.
A reaction is zero order incase concentration data are plotted versus time & the result is a straight line. The slope of this consequence line is the (-) negative of the zero order rate constant k.
Zero order reaction with respect to “A” would be 2 & with respect to “B” would be 1, the sum of reaction order would be 2 + 1 = 3. Zero order reaction is not necessary that the order of a reaction be a whole number – zero & fractional values of order are possible – but they tend to be integers. Reaction orders can be determined only through experiment. Their knowledge permits conclusions about the reaction mechanism.
A zero-order reaction is a reaction which proceeds at a rate that is independent of reactant concentration. Respectively Increasing or decreasing the concentration of reactants will not speed up or slow down the reaction, those rate of the reaction is equal to the rate constant, k, of that reaction. This property differs from both 1st-order reactions & 2nd-order reactions.
When weighing gold it is the 'density' which is measured. Gold has a much higher density compared to any other metals used to alloy with it to create varying karats & colors of gold jewelry. The density of gold is always 10.18 troy ounces/in3 of pure gold."
Density is a physical property of matter as each compound & element has a unique density associated with it. Density is also defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume.
Density is a fundamental concept in the sciences. Density is used quite often in identifying minerals & rocks since the density of substances rarely changes significantly. The best example, gold will have a density of 19.3 g/cm3; if any mineral has a density other than that, it isn't gold.
Metals are solids states at room temperature with the exception of gallium & mercury that are liquids at room temperature.
Metals have the superiority of reflecting light from its surface & can be polished e.g., silver, gold, & copper.
Metals have the ability to withstand hammering & can be made into thin sheets called as foils.
All metals are hard except potassium & sodium, which are soft & can be cut with a knife.
An autotroph is organisms that are able to make its own food. Autotrophic organisms take inorganic substances into their bodies & transform them into organic nourishment. Autotrophs are very essential to all life because they are the primary producers at the base of all food chains. There are 2 categories of autotrophs, distinguished by the energy each uses to synthesize food. Chemoautotrophs use chemical energy, Photoautotrophs use light energy
Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food. "Auto" means "self" and "troph" means "nourishment." 5 common types of autotrophic bacteria are cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, methanogens & halophiles.
In our next blog we shall learn about photophosphorylation I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
A Heterotrophic bacteria needs an organic carbon source in order to grow.
Heterotrophic bacteria are largely responsible for the process of organic matter decomposition. Many pathogenic disease-causing bacteria are heterotrophs. However, many species of heterotrophic bacteria are abundant in the environment & are considered normal flora for human skin. The recycling of minerals in aquatic ecosystems, mainly in estuaries, is made possible by heterotrophic bacteria. Although examine by health officials the presence of heterotrophic bacteria in public water supplies is seldom considered a public health threat.
Let us learn about respiratory volumes
Respiratory volumes are those volumes of air which are exchanged during breathing; they are important indicators of the functioning of the respiratory system & can be measured through the use of a spirometer. We have 2 styles of spirometer: 1st has a turbine which rotates as air passes through it & this rotation is geared down to drives the movement of a needle which indicates the volume of air. The 2nd secure or captures air in an inverted chamber the volume being indicated by the increase of the chamber in a bath of water.
Different degrees of effort in breathing result in different volumes of air being moved in of the lungs or out of the lungs. The measurement of such air volumes is said to be as spirometry, & these measurements reveal the presence of 4 distinct respiratory volumes. Example: 1) the amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal 2) quiet inspiration is about 500 cubic centimeters. 3) Approximately the same amount leaves during a normal expiration. 4) This volume is termed the tidal volume.
In our next blog we shall learn about true solutions I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Linear programming examples require linearity in the equations In a linear equation, each decision variable is multiplied by a constant coefficient with no multiplying between decision variables & no nonlinear functions such as logarithms. Linearity requires the following assumptions:
* Proportionality: A variation in a variable results in a proportionate change in that variable's contribution to the value of the function.
* Additivity: the function value is the total of the contributions of each term.
* Divisibility: the decision variables will be divided into non-integer values, taking on fractional values. Integer programming methods can be applied if the divisibility assumption does not hold.
In addition to these linearity assumptions & linear programming assumes certainty; that is, that the coefficients are known & constant.
In our next blog we shall learn about Ogive Graph I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Carbohydrates come in simple forms such as sugars & in complex forms such as starches & fiber. The body breaks down most sugars & starches into glucose, a simple sugar that the body can apply to feed its cells. Complex carbohydrates are derived from plants. Dietary intake of complex carbohydrates can reduce blood cholesterol when Carbohydrates are substituted for saturated fat.
Carbohydrates are classified into mono, di, tri, poly & heterosaccharides. The smallest parts of carbohydrates are monosaccharides such as glucose whereas polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch & glycogen can be large & even indeterminate in length.
The energy generated by carbohydrates is four calories per gram. Proteins also provide four calories per gram. Fats are high-cal; they provide nine calories per gram.
Carbohydrates are called carbohydrates mainly because the carbon, hydrogen & oxygen they contain are usually in the proportion to form water with the general formula Cn(H2O)n.
In our next blog we shall learn about exponential growth model I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.Who invented probability?
A Probability is expressed mathematically on a scale from zero to one therefore probability is often written as a fraction or a percentage. Best example: a die has six faces, numbered 1 through six. When the die is thrown, any of the six numbers can be shown. The chance of any particular number being face up is 1/6 - six things could happen therefore if we add up all the possibilities, we should get one. 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 1.
It's important to recognize us that we don't have to know which number will show up, the numbers are random, but even so, we know the chances of getting each number.
Mr. Games of chance were 1st investigated formally by Gerolamo Cardano. Mr. Games is an Italian lawyer who was also a wonderful mathematician. Mr. Games worked on the mathematics of gambling & probability in the 16th century.
A conclusion is an opinion or judgment or position reached after consideration. Or we say, advice or opinion or suggestion or judgment or a position reached after consideration.
The contamination of water, air, or soil by substances that are harmful to living beings is called pollution. Presence of dangerous unnatural ingredients causing imbalance in nature/the ecosystems & health hazards to living beings & animals is called pollution.
Pollution is mainly found in water, air, soil, food & sound.
Major human activities like health care, transport, industries, agriculture, dwelling & energy generation are the causes of pollution.
Several industries like textile, sugar, petroleum, food, paper, steel, chemical & cement industries cause air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.
Industrial pollutants include gases like cyanides, carbon tetrachloride, methane, carbon disulphides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen disulphides, hydrochloric acids, ammonia, sulphur dioxide as well as multiples of solid / liquid compounds.
In our next blog we shall learn about amino acids classification I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Nitric acid plays a major role in the manufacture of a variety of products such as:
Explosives like trinitrotoluene nitro gun cotton, glycerin, ammonal etc.
Fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate etc. Nitrate salts such as silver nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate.
Dyes, perfumes, drugs etc, from coal tar products & Sulphuric acid by Lead Chamber process.
Nitric acid is used in the purification of gold, silver, platinum etc. Nitric acid is used in etching designs on brass, copper, bronze ware etc.
Nitric acid is used to prepare "aqua regia" to dissolve the noble elements. Nitric acid is used as a laboratory reagent.
In our next blog we shall learn about net ionic compounds I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
When an external force is used to start relative motion, the interlocking of surfaces gets teared off, thus causing less frictional force. That is why once the motion starts, the frictional force acting between the surfaces in contact decreases, so that a smaller force is required to maintain uniform motion. That is why static friction is more than kinetic friction. Kinetic friction is constant whatever the velocity of body may be & is always less than the limiting friction.
In our next blog we shall learn about langmuir isotherm I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.
Newland stated, the law of octaves thus 'when elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic mass, the 8 element resembles the 1st in physical and chemical properties just like the 8th note on a musical scale resembles the 1st note'. As a result an important conclusion was made that there is some systematic relationship between the order of atomic masses & the repetition of properties of elements. This gave rise to a new term which is said to be as 'periodicity' which signifies the recurrence of characteristic properties of elements arranged in a table, at regular intervals of a period.
Achievements of the Law of Octaves: The law of octaves was the 1st logical attempt to classify elements on the basis of atomic weights.
Drawback of Law of Octaves: law of octaves could be best applied, only up to the element calcium. A frequency which is out of range of a particular system, we can play a frequency that is an octave of that frequency to obtain the same feel or effect as from the original frequency. A Newly discovered element could not fit into the octave structure. The character of resemblance of the 8th element when arranged in increasing order of their atomic mass was not successful with heavier elements.
